Zamia nana

Zamia nana is a small cycad with an underground stem, endemic to central Panama: it is known only from the crater of the extinct volcano of El Valle de Antón and the neighbouring Cerro Turega, in the province of Coclé, where it grows in the dark understorey of low forest between 625 and 1,020 m. This species of the genus Zamia usually carries one to five leaves 40 cm to 1 m long, with long-pointed leaflets. For more than thirty years its plants were grown and published as Zamia acuminata, until Anders Lindström, Michael Calonje, Dennis Stevenson and Alberto Taylor described them as a separate species in 2013. The IUCN rates it Endangered: its whole range covers no more than 40 km².

Key facts about Zamia nana

  • Accepted name: Zamia nana A.Lindstr., Calonje, D.W.Stev. & A.S.Taylor (2013), accepted by The World List of Cycads (version 2026.08.15), by GBIF and by the World Checklist of Vascular Plants, on which POWO is based; POWO could not be consulted directly
  • Former names and synonyms: no synonym; from 1976 to 2013 these plants were wrongly referred to Zamia acuminata
  • Family: Zamiaceae, order Cycadales
  • Common names: no name attested, in English or in Spanish
  • Natural range: Panama, province of Coclé: crater of El Valle de Antón and Cerro Turega, 625 to 1,020 m
  • IUCN status: Endangered (EN A2cd+4cd; B1ab(i,iii,v)), 2022 assessment
  • CITES and other protection: CITES Appendix II (listing of the Zamiaceae; seeds exempt under annotation #4); Annex B in the European Union; zero export quota set by Panama for wild-collected specimens
  • Documented hardiness: no data (see Cold hardiness)
  • Light and soil: in the wild, deep shade (14 to 400 lux measured) under low evergreen forest, on volcanic clay and silt covered with humus and leaf litter, acidic soil (pH 5.5)
  • Habit and adult size: underground stem 10 to 20 cm long and 7 to 8 cm across; 1 to 5 leaves (rarely up to 11) 40 to 100 cm long
  • In the UK, US and Australia: Montgomery Botanical Center (eleven accessions, 1999 to 2003) and the University of Hawaii at Hilo (US); a private collection in north-eastern Queensland (Australia); none recorded in the UK
  • Toxicity: no data specific to the species; treat it as poisonous, like all cycads (see Toxicity and precautions)

How to recognise Zamia nana

Small size, a buried stem, long-pointed leaflets and dark brown cones identify it. The details below come from the original description (Lindström and colleagues, 2013), based on plants from the crater of El Valle de Antón.

Stem

The stem is underground, roughly globose to cylindrical, 10 to 20 cm long and 7 to 8 cm in diameter, with a smooth beige surface; it sometimes branches in two. The cataphylls, small scale-like leaves that protect the growing point, are broadly triangular and papery, with a drawn-out tip. Taylor and colleagues (2012) note that wild plants never form an aerial stem, although potted plants may show one.

Leaves and leaflets

The plant carries 1 to 5 leaves, rarely up to 11, 40 cm to 1 m long. The petiole, 19.5 to 60 cm long, has a few prickles and a brown down that falls off; the rachis, triangular in section, has only a few prickles on its lower third. Each leaf has 9 to 34 leaflets, opposite to alternate, very variable in length, width and shape on the same leaf. The median leaflets, almost leathery, mid-green to light green, elliptic-lanceolate, wedge-shaped at the base and long-pointed at the tip, measure 10.5 to 25 cm by 1.6 to 4.1 cm; their margin is entire, with a distinct sharp edge. Young leaves emerge light green and slightly downy. The first leaves of seedlings carry two pairs of leaflets on an unarmed petiole.

The comparison table of the same article gives somewhat different values for Zamia nana: petiole 15 to 60 cm, rachis 27 to 36 cm, leaflets 13.5 to 23.2 cm by 2 to 3.3 cm. The authors do not explain the difference.

Cones and seeds

The species is dioecious, with separate male and female plants. Male cones, 1 to 3 per stem, appear one after another; conical and covered with thick cream to brown down, they measure 4 to 7 cm by 1.5 to 2.3 cm at pollen release, on a peduncle 2.5 to 3.5 cm long. Their fertile scales have a clearly projecting outer face and carry pollen sacs on the lower side only. Female cones, 1 or 2 per stem, cylindrical to ovoid, with beige to dark brown down, measure 6 to 10 cm by 3 to 6 cm at maturity, on a dark green peduncle 4 to 5 cm long; their axis is pale pink. The seed is ovoid, with a red fleshy coat when ripe; its hard shell measures 14 to 15 mm by 9 to 10 mm. The chromosome number is 2n = 24 (Norstog and Nicholls, 1997, as Zamia acuminata, cited in the original description).

Taylor and colleagues (2012), who still called these plants Zamia acuminata, gave their seeds as 1.6 to 1.9 cm long and 0.4 to 0.5 cm wide, the smallest of the Zamia of the isthmus; these figures, especially the width, do not agree with those of the 2013 description.

Hybrids

No natural or garden hybrid involving Zamia nana is documented. According to its description, the species appears to be pollinated by a single beetle, an unidentified Pharaxonotha.

Possible confusion

The main confusion, which led to the description of the species, is with Zamia acuminata, now regarded as endemic to the Pacific slope of Costa Rica (province of San José). The two have similarly shaped leaflets, but Lindström and colleagues (2013) separate them as follows:

  • size: Zamia nana is smaller in every part (petiole 15 to 60 cm against 60 to 89 cm, leaflets 13.5 to 23.2 cm by 2 to 3.3 cm against 17.7 to 34 cm by 2.45 to 5.5 cm, according to their table);
  • stem: underground in Zamia nana, partly aerial and up to 50 cm long in Zamia acuminata;
  • cones: dark brown in Zamia nana, greyish beige in Zamia acuminata;
  • cone scales: outer face projecting, ornamented and clearly hollowed in Zamia nana, more or less flat and smooth in Zamia acuminata.

Distribution is often enough: the ranges of the two species are widely separated (Lindström and colleagues, 2013). Within Panama, other small Zamia with underground stems live far from Coclé: Zamia cunaria and Zamia ipetiensis in the east of the country, and Zamia dressleri, with pleated leaflets, in the province of Colón (Taylor and colleagues, 2012).

Taxonomy

Zamia nana A.Lindstr., Calonje, D.W.Stev. & A.S.Taylor is an accepted name according to The World List of Cycads, GBIF and the World Checklist of Vascular Plants, on which POWO is based (read on GBIF, version of 4 June 2026); POWO itself could not be consulted. The species was published in May 2013 in Phytotaxa (volume 98, issue 2, pages 27 to 42, figures 6 and 7), in an article entitled “Clarification of Zamia acuminata and a new Zamia species from Coclé Province, Panama”. The holotype (D. Stevenson and I. Valdespinos 1147), collected on 9 January 1989 at 1,020 m at El Valle, in the municipality of Antón, is kept at the herbarium of the University of Panama (PMA, on five sheets), with isotypes at the Field Museum in Chicago (F), Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden (FTG), Kew (K), the Missouri Botanical Garden (MO), the New York Botanical Garden (NY) and Utrecht (U).

The International Plant Names Index records an older “Zamia nana hort. ex Miq.” (1844), cited only as a synonym of an Encephalartos and therefore not validly published (nom. inval., Art. 36.1(c)); the World Checklist of Vascular Plants places it under Encephalartos horridus. It has nothing to do with the Panamanian plant.

Thirty-six years under another name

Zamia acuminata had been described in 1884 by William Thiselton-Dyer from a single sterile leaf collected by Anders Ørsted, whose label mentions the Río San Juan, between Nicaragua and Costa Rica. In 1976 Robert Dressler collected a small Zamia at El Valle de Antón and referred it to that species, judging that the Panamanian plants matched photographs of Ørsted’s specimen. Stevenson (1993) and other authors followed this identification, so the El Valle plants entered herbaria and living collections as Zamia acuminata, although their leaves and leaflets were much smaller than those of the type and they grew some 480 km from its supposed locality. Whitelock (2002) and Schutzman (2004) already suspected an undescribed species.

In 2004 Michael Calonje’s fieldwork on the Pacific slope of Costa Rica brought to light, in the province of San José, plants whose leaflets matched the type of Zamia acuminata better than those of El Valle. A statistical analysis of leaflet measurements always grouped the type with the Costa Rican plants, and never placed an El Valle plant with them. Lindström and colleagues (2013) therefore restricted Zamia acuminata to Costa Rica and described the El Valle plants under a new name, Zamia nana. Announcing the study, Calonje noted that Zamia nana “has been well-known in cultivation and botanical garden collections for decades under the misapplied name Zamia acuminata, whereas the true Zamia acuminata from Costa Rica has remained poorly known” (Bramblett, 2013). For the reader the consequence is simple: Panamanian plants sold or labelled as Zamia acuminata before 2013 are usually Zamia nana.

Place in the genus

In 2012, under the name Zamia acuminata, Taylor and colleagues placed these plants in the “Panama clade”, which in their view brings together one of the smallest Zamia known, the only epiphytic cycad (Zamia pseudoparasitica) and most of the large trunk-forming Zamia. The species was sampled, from a plant of wild origin from Coclé grown at Nong Nooch Tropical Botanical Garden in Thailand, in the transcriptome phylogeny of Lindstrom and colleagues (2024), but the text of that study does not discuss its position.

Etymology and history

The epithet comes from the Latin nanus, “dwarf” or “small”: the authors chose it for the small stature of the species (original description; Haynes, 2022, as quoted by The World List of Cycads). The history of the name is that of the clarification of Zamia acuminata (see Taxonomy). The earliest collections cited in the original description are Robert Dressler’s, from 1976; the plants then spread widely through collections as Zamia acuminata, at a date that has not been recorded.

Common names

No common name is attested, in English or in Spanish; Species+ gives none. In the trade and on forums the species still appears under its old name, Zamia acuminata.

In the wild

Zamia nana lives only in central Panama, in the province of Coclé: inside the crater of the extinct volcano of El Valle de Antón and on Cerro Turega, about 3 km west of the crater rim. The original description recalls that the caldera collapsed about 56,000 years ago and then filled with a lake, drained about 12,000 years ago through a breach in the south-western wall; the town of El Valle de Antón now occupies the valley floor.

The species is common on the low inner ridges of the crater, from 625 to 1,020 m, on flat ground under open forest or on steep rocky slopes. The soil, a clay of volcanic silt, is covered with brown humus and a 12 cm layer of leaf litter; it is very moist and acidic (pH 5.5). Zamia nana often dominates the understorey of a low evergreen forest, 8 to 10 m tall, made up mainly of Erythrina, Inga and the palm Phytelephas. Light measured at plant level ranges from 14 to 400 lux, usually 30 to 100, with 85 % humidity: a very dark understorey. Companion plants include begonias, Pitcairnia heterophylla, Philodendron, Anthurium, Pteris ferns, Clusia, Costus, Monstera, Heliconia latispatha and, in places, the palm Chamaedorea tepejilote. Jay Vannini describes it as an extremely localised dwarf cycad of central Panamanian low-elevation cloud forest, with a fairly compact crown (Vannini, 2019).

A grower who visited the crater in January 2013 reports on the French forum Fous de palmiers that the species was locally very abundant, often in small colonies of 5 to 30 plants, and shows a plant whose stem had been exposed in a stream bed; he then considered the population safe, much of it lying within a reserve. The specialists do not share this view (see Conservation status and regulation).

Reproduction

According to the original description, the pollinator appears to be a single beetle of the family Erotylidae, of the genus Pharaxonotha, not identified to species. In the wild, receptive female cones and pollen-shedding male cones are seen in late January and February, and no male cones remain by mid-April; ripe seeds are seen from October to late January. Receptive female cones open at the top and often along vertical slits.

Taylor and colleagues (2012) followed a population of more than 400 plants over four seasons, from 1999 to 2002: of 170 plants observed, 138 produced cones (65 female and 73 male), that is 81 %, but only 46 (27 %) did so in 2002; the sex ratio is close to one. They also reported that seeds ripen about eight months after pollination, an exception among the Zamia of Panama, which usually take one to two years. Eggs, caterpillars and adults of Eumaeus butterflies have been seen on young leaves and cones in two populations (Lindström and colleagues, 2013).

Conservation status and regulation

Zamia nana is rated Endangered (EN) on the IUCN Red List under criteria A2cd+4cd; B1ab(i,iii,v), in an assessment by A. Lindstrom dated 6 January 2020 and published in 2022 (category confirmed by GBIF; criteria given by The World List of Cycads; reference checked on Crossref). These criteria reflect a past and projected decline in numbers, linked to habitat loss and collecting, and a very small, declining range.

Before 2013 these plants were on the Red List under the name Zamia acuminata, rated Vulnerable (VU B2ab(v); C1); the authors of the description considered that assessment unreliable, since it combined two species. In 2013 they estimated the total range at 40 km², knew fewer than six populations and between 500 and 1,000 adult plants. They cited as the main threats the destruction of habitat for housing and other uses, and the uprooting of plants for sale in local markets; at least half of the original habitat had been cleared. Jay Vannini (2019) adds that the largest plants suffer continued poaching by visitors and that old plants are now clearly less common at the known sites than about a decade earlier.

Like all Zamia except Zamia restrepoi, which is in Appendix I, Zamia nana is covered by CITES Appendix II, under the listing of the Zamiaceae in force since 4 February 1977 according to Species+. Annotation #4 (the version adopted at CoP20, in force on 5 March 2026) exempts seeds, pollen, seedlings and tissue cultures obtained in vitro and transported in sterile containers, and cut flowers of artificially propagated plants; international trade in the plants themselves requires a permit. In the European Union the species falls under Annex B of Regulation (EC) No 338/97, whose current list is set by Regulation (EU) 2026/1383, applicable since 29 June 2026; Species+ shows it in Annex A until February 2017. Panama has also applied, since 19 June 2025, a zero export quota for wild-collected specimens (CITES Notification No. 2025/079), except for scientific, personal, medical, educational or judicial purposes.

This general information, checked on 18 October 2026, does not replace the official texts: check the regulations in force before buying or exchanging plants or seeds, ask the seller for proof of origin and prefer plants raised from cultivated seed; uprooting for sale is one of the threats to the species.

Growing Zamia nana

Thanks to its small size, Zamia nana is one of the easiest tropical Zamia to find room for, but it needs warmth all year round: outside the tropics it is a plant for a pot in a warm glasshouse or a heated room. No botanic garden has published a growing guide; the available advice comes from growers and from the original description.

  • Size and pot: Simon Lavaud, of the French specialist nursery Cycadales.eu, considers it “ideal for pot culture” (Lavaud, 2023); Jay Vannini (2019) recommends it to growers with limited warm space and lists it among the species that perform exceptionally well as pot plants throughout their lives, adding that it holds few leaves when young but can form a full crown as a large adult.
  • Temperature: according to Lavaud, it prefers average temperatures of about 25 °C (77 °F); for his whole group (Zamia of Central America and of lowland forests) he advises about 22 °C (72 °F) at night, with brief drops to about 15 °C (59 °F) tolerated, and 28 to 30 °C (82 to 86 °F) by day, and rates the group difficult outside the tropics.
  • Light: in the wild, light rarely exceeds 100 lux, which suggests filtered light without direct sun; the grower who visited its habitat in 2013 saw it for this reason as a good plant for indoor culture, and another post by the same grower, in May 2013, advised shading the seedlings of Panamanian Zamia he had distributed, whose leaves otherwise turn yellow.
  • Compost and watering: for his group, Lavaud advises a free-draining compost and water that are neutral to acidic; the natural soil, acidic (pH 5.5), rich in humus and constantly moist, points the same way. High air humidity, of 70 to 90 %, is recommended for optimal growth.

Cultivated plants exist outside Panama. In Thailand, at Nong Nooch Tropical Botanical Garden, where the first author of the description worked, cultivated plants cone on the same schedule as wild ones (Lindström and colleagues, 2013), and Vannini (2019) shows a mature plant grown in a private collection in north-eastern Queensland, Australia. On the Fous de palmiers forum, the same grower showed seedlings of Zamia nana growing “fairly well” in February 2014, without stating the conditions, and noted in 2013 that a plant cultivated in an orchid garden at El Valle was much larger than the wild plants.

Outdoor and in-ground cultivation

Planting in the ground is only conceivable in a humid tropical climate without any frost, in deep shade. No outdoor planting outside Panama has been documented.

Container cultivation

This is the usual way to grow it: a pot in a warm glasshouse, a terrarium-like vitrine or a bright, heated room, in shade, with a humus-rich, free-draining, acidic compost kept moist and high air humidity. Grown indoors, it is easily within reach of children and pets: keep the seeds out of their reach (see Toxicity and precautions).

In cultivation in the UK, US and Australia

In short: well documented at Montgomery Botanical Center, otherwise rare in public gardens.

  • United States: Montgomery Botanical Center, Coral Gables, Florida, lists eleven accessions under this name in its online catalogue, registered between 1999 and 2003, before the species was described (queried on 25 October 2026); the botanical garden of the University of Hawaii at Hilo declares it to BGCI.
  • Australia: no public garden declares it to BGCI; Vannini (2019) illustrates a mature plant in a private collection in north-eastern Queensland.
  • United Kingdom: no record in BGCI or in the online catalogues of British gardens.

Elsewhere, BGCI also lists the Prague Botanical Garden (queried on 25 October 2026); a declaration does not prove that the plant is still alive. Older plants labelled Zamia acuminata in collections may also be Zamia nana (see Taxonomy).

Propagation

The species is propagated from seed, after a female plant has been pollinated by a male plant coning at the same time; in cultivation pollination is usually done by hand. In Thailand, on cultivated plants, female cones are receptive in January and February, seeds take 9 to 11 months to ripen, usually in November and December, and germinate in 15 to 20 days (Lindström and colleagues, 2013). Taylor and colleagues (2012) report that, in an experiment at the University of Panama, the germination rate of these seeds fell through the year and became negligible after one year: sow fresh seed, cleaned of its fleshy coat while wearing gloves. Seeds are exempt from CITES under annotation #4, but they must come from cultivated plants of legal origin. The stem sometimes branches, but division of clumps in cultivation has not been described.

Pests and diseases

In the wild, caterpillars of Eumaeus butterflies eat the young leaves and cones (Lindström and colleagues, 2013); the grower who visited the crater in 2013 photographed caterpillars, a chrysalis and chewed leaves. No disease specific to the species is documented. In cultivation, Zamia are chiefly at risk from root and stem rot in cold, waterlogged compost, and from scale insects. Among these, Aulacaspis yasumatsui, the Asian cycad scale, which can kill a mature cycad within months, includes the genus Zamia among its host plants according to the EPPO Global Database, after Marler, Lindström and Watson (2021); no attack has been reported on Zamia nana itself.

Cold hardiness

Zamia nana is not hardy: it is a tropical species of middle elevations, and no cold-tolerance data exist, either in the wild or in cultivation. The temperatures Lavaud recommends (an average of about 25 °C (77 °F); brief drops to about 15 °C (59 °F) for his group) describe conditions for healthy growth, not a survival limit.

Mediterranean and European experience

No cultivation in the ground has been reported in France or elsewhere in Europe, and no dated frost episode concerns the species. The posts on the Fous de palmiers forum (2013–2014) concern seedlings and potted plants, without temperature values. For readers in Mediterranean-type climates such as California or southern Australia, it remains a plant for a pot in a heated glasshouse or indoors.

United Kingdom, United States and Australia

No cold record has been published from these countries. The cultivated plants known outside Panama grow in tropical climates (Thailand, north-eastern Queensland) or under glass.

Toxicity and precautions

No toxicity study specific to Zamia nana has been published. The risk is, however, well documented in cycads: Zamia contain toxic glycosides (cycasin, macrozamin), from which methylazoxymethanol is derived, a compound toxic to the liver and nervous system, and the ASPCA cites cycasin and BMAA, a neurotoxic amino acid, for Zamia furfuracea, which it lists as toxic to dogs, cats and horses, with vomiting, bloody diarrhoea and liver damage; the seeds are the most dangerous part. Small and often grown indoors, this plant is easily within reach of children and pets: in the absence of evidence to the contrary, treat it as poisonous, keep seeds and leaves out of their reach and wear gloves to clean seeds. If any part is swallowed, contact a poison centre, a doctor or a vet straight away.

Traditional uses

No traditional use of Zamia nana is documented. The only use reported is commercial: the original description lists the uprooting of plants for sale in local markets among the threats.

Frequently asked questions

Are Zamia nana and Zamia acuminata the same plant?

No, not since 2013. The plants of El Valle de Antón, in Panama, were called Zamia acuminata for decades, but that name now refers to a larger species from Costa Rica. A Panamanian plant labelled Zamia acuminata before 2013 is usually a Zamia nana.

Why is it called nana?

Because it is small: nanus means “dwarf” in Latin. Its stem stays underground and its leaves rarely exceed 1 m, whereas Zamia acuminata, with which it was confused, is clearly larger.

Is it a good houseplant?

It is one of the Zamia best suited to pots, according to Lavaud and Vannini, and it naturally lives in deep shade. It does, however, need warmth all year round (about 25 °C (77 °F) according to Lavaud) and high air humidity, which makes it a plant for a warm glasshouse or a vitrine rather than an ordinary living room.

Where exactly does it grow?

Only in the province of Coclé, Panama: in the crater of the extinct volcano of El Valle de Antón and on the neighbouring Cerro Turega, between 625 and 1,020 m, in the understorey of low, deeply shaded forest.

Is it endangered?

Yes. The IUCN rates it Endangered (2022): its range covers no more than 40 km², it has fewer than six populations and 500 to 1,000 adults, and it suffers from building in the crater and the uprooting of plants for sale.

How long do its seeds take to germinate?

Not long if they are fresh: in Thailand, seeds from cultivated plants germinate in 15 to 20 days (Lindström and colleagues, 2013). Their viability, however, falls sharply within a year.

Is it hardy?

No. It is a tropical plant with no cold data; outside the tropics it is grown in a pot in warmth all year round.

Further reading on Succulentes

Sources

Reference sites

Bibliography

  • Lindström, A.J., Calonje, M., Stevenson, D., Husby, C. & Taylor, A. (2013). Clarification of Zamia acuminata and a new Zamia species from Coclé Province, Panama. Phytotaxa 98(2): 27–42. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.98.2.1 [Original description of Zamia nana; full text read.]
  • Taylor B., A.S., Haynes, J.L., Stevenson, D.W., Holzman, G. & Mendieta, J. (2012). Biogeographic insights in Central American cycad biology. In: Stevens, L. (ed.), Global Advances in Biogeography, pp. 73–98. InTech. https://doi.org/10.5772/32253 [Data on the El Valle plants, then called Zamia acuminata; full text read.]
  • Lindstrom, A., Habib, S., Dong, S., Gong, Y., Liu, J., Calonje, M., Stevenson, D. & Zhang, S. (2024). Transcriptome sequencing data provide a solid base to understand the phylogenetic relationships, biogeography and reticulated evolution of the genus Zamia L. (Cycadales: Zamiaceae). Annals of Botany 134(5): 747–768. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcae065 [Full text read on PubMed Central.]
  • Lindstrom, A. (2022). Zamia nana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T66910275A66910280. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T66910275A66910280.en [Current assessment, EN A2cd+4cd; B1ab(i,iii,v), dated 6 January 2020; reference checked on Crossref, category on GBIF, criteria on The World List of Cycads; the Red List page could not be consulted.]
  • Bramblett, T. (2013). Zamia Update: an Old Cycad Mystery and a New Discovery. Montgomery Botanical Center, 9 May 2013. [Botanic garden news item; read.]
  • Stevenson, D.W. (1993). The Zamiaceae in Panama with comments on phytogeography and species relationships. Brittonia 45(1): 1–16. https://doi.org/10.2307/2806850 [Treatment of the El Valle plants as Zamia acuminata, according to Lindström et al. (2013); not consulted.]
  • Norstog, K.J. & Nicholls, T.J. (1997). The Biology of the Cycads. Cornell University Press, Ithaca. [Chromosome number cited by Lindström et al. (2013); not consulted.]
  • Haynes, J.L. (2022). Etymological compendium of cycad names. Phytotaxa 550(1): 1–31. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.550.1.1 [Etymology as given by The World List of Cycads; not consulted directly.]
  • Marler, T.E., Lindström, A.J. & Watson, G.W. (2021). Aulacaspis yasumatsui delivers a blow to international cycad horticulture. Horticulturae 7(6): 147. https://doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae7060147 [Host plants cited after EPPO; full text not consulted.]
  • Calonje, M., Stevenson, D.W. & Osborne, R. (2026). The World List of Cycads, version 2026.08.15. Montgomery Botanical Center, Coral Gables. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21958524 [Reference checklist; consulted directly.]