Zamia katzeriana: rare Chiapas cycad, not a hybrid after all

Zamia katzeriana is a cycad of south-eastern Mexico, known from Chiapas, where it grows on limestone rocks in evergreen tropical rainforest. This species of the genus Zamia was described by Eduard Regel in 1876 as Ceratozamia katzeriana and moved to Zamia in 1896. It was long suspected of being a hybrid between Zamia splendens and Zamia loddigesii, but a genetic study published in 2023 concluded that it is a species in its own right. The IUCN rates it Critically Endangered (2022 assessment).

Key facts about Zamia katzeriana

Accepted name: Zamia katzeriana (Regel) E.Rettig (1896), accepted by The World List of Cycads (version 2026.08.15) and by GBIF; the World Checklist of Vascular Plants, on which POWO is based, still writes it “Zamia × katzeriana”, as a hybrid (see Taxonomy)
Former names and synonyms: Ceratozamia katzeriana Regel (1876), the original name
Family: Zamiaceae, order Cycadales
Common names: no name attested, in English or in Spanish
Natural range: Mexico, Chiapas (The World List of Cycads); also recorded from Tabasco and Veracruz by other authors
IUCN status: Critically Endangered (CR B1ab(iii,v)), 2022 assessment
CITES and other protection: CITES Appendix II (whole genus, since 1977; seeds exempt under annotation #4); Annex B in the European Union
Documented hardiness: no data (see Cold hardiness)
Light and soil: in the wild, karst limestone rocks in evergreen tropical forest; no species-specific growing advice has been published
Habit and adult size: not documented in open-access sources
In the UK, US and Australia: no British or Australian garden declares it to BGCI; in the US, Montgomery Botanical Center holds two accessions under Zamia splendens, which it treats as a synonym, and plants recorded as hybrids
Toxicity: no data specific to the species; treat it as poisonous, like all cycads (see Toxicity and precautions)

How to recognise Zamia katzeriana

No detailed description is available in open access; the pointers below come from the studies that compare it with its neighbours.

Leaflets: oblong to oblanceolate, reddish pink and glossy when they emerge, according to the 2009 revision of the Zamia of Mega-Mexico as cited by Nicolalde-Morejón and colleagues (2024), who note that this character makes it easy to recognise among the Zamia of Tabasco.
Female cone and leaflets compared with Zamia splendens: an erect female cone peduncle and narrow, oblong-lanceolate leaflets separate it from that species, according to Pérez-Farrera and colleagues (2016), as summarised by Lindstrom and colleagues (2024).
Variability: in the 2016 study, which measured twelve vegetative characters and the internal structure of the leaflets, the plants of Zamia katzeriana fall between Zamia splendens and Zamia loddigesii; some have leaflets close to those of the one, others to those of the other.
Group: Nicolalde-Morejón and colleagues (2011) place it in a “Zamia katzeriana complex” of south-eastern Mexico, with Zamia cremnophila, Zamia lacandona and Zamia purpurea, defined by broad (3 to 11 cm), leathery leaflets and underground stems; these figures apply to the group as a whole, not to this species alone.

The dimensions of the stem, leaves, cones and seeds are not published in open-access sources.

Hybrids

Zamia katzeriana was itself long considered a hybrid. In 2016 Pérez-Farrera and colleagues, finding its characters intermediate between those of Zamia splendens and Zamia loddigesii, two species that grow in the same region, proposed that it arose from a cross between them. In 2023 Gutiérrez-Ortega and colleagues tested this hypothesis with twelve microsatellite markers, twelve morphological characters and ecological niche models, on ten populations of the three species. They conclude that Zamia katzeriana diverged from Zamia splendens without admixture with the neighbouring species: it is not of hybrid origin.

The same study shows, on the other hand, that Zamia splendens and Zamia loddigesii have interbred at one locality, where their niches have overlapped since the Last Glacial Maximum, the probable time of the mixing; the admixed populations do not resemble Zamia katzeriana. No natural hybrid involving Zamia katzeriana itself is documented. In cultivation, the online catalogue of Montgomery Botanical Center lists two plants recorded as hybrids of Zamia katzeriana, and BGCI records a Zamia katzeriana × Zamia furfuracea at the same garden, without further detail.

Possible confusion

Most confusion comes from the history of the name and from the neighbouring species of Chiapas and Tabasco:

Zamia splendens: long confused with it, and even sunk into synonymy under Zamia katzeriana in 2008; reinstated in 2016;
Zamia loddigesii: narrower leaflets, though some plants of Zamia katzeriana resemble it;
Zamia cremnophila: also grows on limestone rocks in evergreen forest, but its leaflets are lanceolate and its young leaves reddish brown (Nicolalde-Morejón and colleagues, 2024);
Zamia lawsoniana: linear, leathery leaflets, light green when they emerge, and very long cone peduncles (Nicolalde-Morejón and colleagues, 2024);
Zamia prasina: oblong to oblanceolate leaflets more than 4 cm wide, in lowland semi-deciduous forest (Nicolalde-Morejón and colleagues, 2024);
Zamia herrerae and Zamia grijalvensis: in the key to the Zamia of Chiapas published in 2012, at a time when Zamia splendens was included in Zamia katzeriana, the first is separated by its papery leaflets, and Zamia katzeriana by its toothed, leathery, long-elliptic to elliptic leaflets, whereas Zamia grijalvensis, described in the same paper, has leathery, subfalcate to falcate (sickle-shaped) leaflets (Pérez-Farrera and colleagues, 2012).

Taxonomy

Zamia katzeriana is an accepted name according to The World List of Cycads and GBIF. The species was described in 1876 by Eduard Regel, director of the Imperial Botanic Garden of St Petersburg, as Ceratozamia katzeriana, in the Trudy Imperatorskago S.-Peterburgskago Botaniceskago Sada (volume 4, page 298). In 1896 E. Rettig transferred it to Zamia in the journal Gartenflora (volume 45, pages 148–149, figure 31). The protologue and the 1896 text could not be consulted, and no available source explains why Regel placed it in Ceratozamia.

Its recent history has been eventful. In 2008 Nicolalde-Morejón and colleagues sank Zamia splendens into synonymy under Zamia katzeriana (Brittonia 60: 38–48). In 2016 Pérez-Farrera and colleagues reinstated Zamia splendens and proposed a hybrid origin for Zamia katzeriana (Phytotaxa 270: 161–181). In 2023 the demographic and genetic study by Gutiérrez-Ortega and colleagues (Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 202: 110–133) rejected that hypothesis. The World List of Cycads now accepts both species, without the hybrid sign.

Relationships. The transcriptome phylogeny of Lindstrom and colleagues (2024), based on a sample from Chiapas, places Zamia katzeriana as sister to the morphologically similar Zamia splendens, and shows that it is not close to Zamia loddigesii, one of its supposed parents. An earlier study had grouped it with Zamia splendens, Zamia lacandona, Zamia cremnophila, Zamia grijalvensis and Zamia purpurea in a “purpurea” clade (Calonje and colleagues, 2019, as cited by Lindstrom and colleagues, 2024).

The hybrid sign. POWO, the site’s nomenclatural reference, could not be consulted directly. The World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP), on which it is based, still writes “Zamia × katzeriana” in the version published on GBIF on 4 June 2026, and lists the old name as “Ceratozamia × katzeriana”: it treats the plant as a hybrid. This notation reflects the 2016 hypothesis, contradicted by the 2023 study. This page uses the species name and notes the divergence.

Etymology and history

The epithet honours Franz Katzer (1830–1912), “gardener master” of the Pavlovsk Imperial Garden, the Russian emperor’s residence near St Petersburg, and a founder member of the Russian Imperial Society of Horticulture (The World List of Cycads, after Haynes, 2022, who cites the Czech society Cykasy, 2022).

The type is the material of Regel’s name; according to Nicolalde-Morejón and colleagues (2011), a lectotype is kept at the herbarium of the Komarov Botanical Institute in St Petersburg (LE). The World List of Cycads gives neither collector nor locality.

Common names

No common name is attested for this species, in English or in Spanish.

In the wild

The World List of Cycads restricts Zamia katzeriana to Chiapas. Other sources give it a wider range: Nicolalde-Morejón and colleagues (2011) record it from Chiapas, Tabasco and Veracruz, in evergreen tropical forest, and Nicolalde-Morejón and colleagues (2024) list it among the Zamia recorded in Tabasco, after a 2014 inventory. The divergence has not been resolved.

Habitat. According to the 2009 revision, as cited in 2024, it grows on karst limestone rocks in evergreen tropical forest, like Zamia cremnophila. Its populations lie close to those of Zamia splendens and Zamia loddigesii; the 2023 study covered ten populations of the three species. Like all cycads, it forms coralloid roots that host nitrogen-fixing cyanobacteria. Its pollinators and phenology are not documented.

Conservation status and regulation

Zamia katzeriana is rated Critically Endangered (CR) on the IUCN Red List under criteria B1ab(iii,v), in the 2022 assessment by Miguel Ángel Pérez-Farrera and Andrew P. Vovides (category and criteria from The World List of Cycads, reference checked on Crossref; GBIF gives the same category). These criteria mean a very small extent of occurrence, with a continuing decline in habitat quality and in the number of mature plants. The previous assessment, by Andrew Vovides, Jeff Chemnick and Tim Gregory, dates from 2010; BGCI still displays the category Endangered, with a link to that older assessment. The Red List itself could not be consulted, and no other source details the threats.

Like all Zamia except Zamia restrepoi, which is in Appendix I, Zamia katzeriana is covered by the listing of the genus in CITES Appendix II, in force since 4 February 1977. Annotation #4 (as revised at CoP20, in force on 5 March 2026) exempts in particular seeds, pollen, seedlings or tissue cultures obtained in vitro and transported in sterile containers, and cut flowers of artificially propagated plants; international trade in the plants themselves requires an export permit. In the European Union the species falls under Annex B of Regulation (EC) No 338/97, whose current list is set by Regulation (EU) 2026/1383, applicable since 29 June 2026. Species+, the official CITES database, names the species, confirms this status and records the old name Ceratozamia katzeriana as a synonym.

This general information does not replace the official texts: check the regulations in force before buying or exchanging plants or seeds, ask the seller for proof of origin and buy only plants raised from cultivated seed.

Growing Zamia katzeriana

No growing advice specific to Zamia katzeriana has been published, and no grower’s report is documented. The species is very rare in collections, and part of the material in cultivation may be labelled Zamia splendens, a name that Montgomery Botanical Center still treats as a synonym.

Simon Lavaud, of the French specialist nursery Cycadales.eu, lists it among the Zamia of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras, which he rates of medium difficulty, most of them coming from climates with a marked dry season (Lavaud, 2023). For this group he recommends:

a free-draining compost, slightly alkaline or neutral; any kind of water;
in winter, 5 to 10 °C (41 to 50 °F), with daytime rises to 20 to 25 °C (68 to 77 °F), and a compost kept fairly dry but never parched;
in summer, 15 to 20 °C (59 to 68 °F) at night and 25 to 30 °C (77 to 86 °F) by day, up to 40 °C (104 °F) with generous watering, and at least four to six months of summer temperatures a year.

These are recommendations for a group of species, not measurements made on Zamia katzeriana, which comes from evergreen rainforest rather than from a markedly seasonal habitat. Its natural setting, limestone rocks under a forest canopy, suggests a very free-draining compost, possibly with some lime, part shade and warmth all year round; these conditions have not been confirmed by published trials.

Outdoor and in-ground cultivation

No outdoor planting is documented. In-ground cultivation is only conceivable in a frost-free tropical or subtropical climate.

Container cultivation

In temperate climates it is a plant for a pot kept frost-free, in a warm glasshouse or a bright, heated room, in a mineral, free-draining compost, watered generously in the warm season and sparingly in winter, as Lavaud (2023) advises for its group.

In cultivation in the UK, US and Australia

In short: almost absent from public collections under this name.

United States: BGCI lists no American garden for Zamia katzeriana itself. The online catalogue of Montgomery Botanical Center (Coral Gables, Florida) records two accession numbers under Zamia splendens, which it treats as a synonym of Zamia katzeriana, and two plants recorded as hybrids of Zamia katzeriana; BGCI also records a Zamia katzeriana × Zamia furfuracea there (queried on 25 October 2026).
United Kingdom: no garden declares it to BGCI.
Australia: no garden declares it to BGCI.

The only garden that declares the species under this name to BGCI is the Francisco Javier Clavijero Botanical Garden in Xalapa (Veracruz, Mexico). A BGCI declaration shows that a garden held the plant at some point, not that it is alive there today.

Propagation

No data specific to the species. Like all Zamia, it has separate male and female plants and is propagated from fresh seed, which requires adults of both sexes and, in cultivation, usually hand pollination. Clean off the fleshy seed coat wearing gloves and sow in a free-draining compost, moist but not wet, in warmth. Given its status, only seed from cultivated plants is acceptable.

Pests and diseases

No pest or disease specific to the species is documented. In cultivation, Zamia are mainly at risk from rot in cold, waterlogged compost and from scale insects; Lavaud (2023) suggests keeping the compost fairly dry in winter for its group.

Cold hardiness

No cold-hardiness data exist for Zamia katzeriana. It comes from evergreen tropical forest in southern Mexico, and no observation says whether it can withstand frost. The only temperature guidance is the winter range of 5 to 10 °C (41 to 50 °F) that Lavaud (2023) recommends for its group of Mexican and northern Central American Zamia; this is advice for a group, not a measurement on the species.

Mediterranean and European experience

No cultivation result has been published in France or elsewhere in Europe, either in the ground or in a pot, and no dated frost episode concerns the species. For readers in Mediterranean-type climates such as California or southern Australia, it should be treated as a frost-tender plant until trials are published.

United Kingdom, United States and Australia

No cold record exists. In the UK it needs a heated glasshouse; in the US and Australia, outdoor cultivation would only be worth trying in frost-free tropical or subtropical gardens, and no such planting is documented.

Toxicity and precautions

No toxicity study specific to Zamia katzeriana has been published. The risk is, however, well documented in cycads: Zamia contain toxic glycosides (cycasin, macrozamin), from which methylazoxymethanol is derived, a compound toxic to the liver and nervous system, and the ASPCA cites cycasin and BMAA, a neurotoxic amino acid, for Zamia furfuracea, which it lists as toxic to dogs, cats and horses; the seeds are the most dangerous part. In the absence of evidence to the contrary, treat the plant as poisonous: keep seeds and leaves out of reach of children and animals, and wear gloves to clean seeds. If any part is swallowed, contact a poison centre, a doctor or a vet straight away.

Traditional uses

No traditional use is documented for this species.

Frequently asked questions

Is Zamia katzeriana a hybrid?

No, according to the most recent study. The hypothesis of a hybrid between Zamia splendens and Zamia loddigesii, put forward in 2016, was rejected in 2023 by a genetic study, and a 2024 phylogeny shows it is not close to Zamia loddigesii. The World Checklist of Vascular Plants, on which POWO is based, nevertheless still writes it with the × sign.

Where does it come from?

From Chiapas, in Mexico, where it grows on limestone rocks in evergreen tropical forest. Some sources also record it from Tabasco and Veracruz.

Why was it called Ceratozamia katzeriana?

That is the name under which Eduard Regel described it in 1876, in St Petersburg. It was transferred to Zamia in 1896; the reasons for the original placement are not known.

Who was Katzer?

Franz Katzer (1830–1912), master gardener of the Pavlovsk Imperial Garden near St Petersburg and a founder member of the Russian Imperial Society of Horticulture.

Is it endangered?

Yes, severely. The IUCN rates it Critically Endangered (2022 assessment), because of a very small range and a decline in both habitat and the number of mature plants.

How does it differ from Zamia splendens?

The two species are closely related and were once merged. According to Pérez-Farrera and colleagues (2016), Zamia katzeriana has an erect female cone peduncle and narrow, oblong-lanceolate leaflets; genetic data show that the two are distinct species.

Is it hardy?

No one knows. There are no cold data; it comes from tropical forest and should be grown frost-free.

Is it poisonous?

It should be assumed so. No analysis specific to the species exists, but the cycads studied contain serious toxins, especially in the seeds.

Sources

Reference sites

The World List of Cycads (version 2026.08.15), Zamia katzeriana: https://cycadlist.org/scientific_name/488 — authors, basionym and publication, synonymy notes, range, IUCN status and criteria, etymology. Checklist of the IUCN Cycad Specialist Group, reliable; consulted on 25 October 2026.
World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP, the nomenclatural backbone of POWO), via GBIF: https://www.gbif.org/species/207874627 — “Zamia ×katzeriana (Regel) E.Rettig” accepted, “Ceratozamia ×katzeriana Regel” as synonym. Reference database of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew (version published on 4 June 2026); queried through the GBIF API on 25 October 2026.
GBIF, Zamia katzeriana: https://www.gbif.org/species/5284169 — accepted name and Red List category (CR). Aggregating database; queried through its API on 25 October 2026.
Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society, Demographic history and species delimitation of three Zamia species (Zamiaceae) in south-eastern Mexico: Z. katzeriana is not a product of hybridization (2023): https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boac062 — rejection of the hybrid origin, methods and results. Peer-reviewed article; abstract read.
Phytotaxa, Anatomy and morphology suggest a hybrid origin of Zamia katzeriana (Zamiaceae) (2016): https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.270.3.1 — intermediate position of the species, reinstatement of Zamia splendens, hybrid hypothesis. Peer-reviewed article; abstract read.
Annals of Botany, Lindstrom and colleagues (2024), via PubMed Central: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11560380/ — sample from Chiapas, sister relationship with Zamia splendens, distance from Zamia loddigesii, distinguishing characters, earlier “purpurea” clade. Peer-reviewed open-access article; full text consulted.
Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad, Nicolalde-Morejón and colleagues, Perspectivas sistemáticas de Zamia (Zamiaceae) en Megaméxico (in Spanish, 2011): https://doi.org/10.22201/ib.20078706e.2011.2.487 — range (Chiapas, Tabasco, Veracruz), vegetation type, Zamia katzeriana complex, lectotype (LE). Peer-reviewed open-access article; read.
Acta Botanica Mexicana, Reestablishment of Zamia lawsoniana (2024): https://doi.org/10.21829/abm131.2024.2262 — leaflet characters, karst habitat and presence in Tabasco, after the 2009 revision; comparison with Zamia cremnophila, Zamia lawsoniana and Zamia prasina. Peer-reviewed open-access article; full text consulted.
Nordic Journal of Botany, Zamia grijalvensis sp. nov. (2012): https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01453.x — key to the Zamia of Chiapas, Zamia katzeriana group. Peer-reviewed article; full text read.
BGCI PlantSearch, Zamia katzeriana: https://plantsearch.bgci.org/ — one declaring garden (Xalapa); Zamia katzeriana × furfuracea at Montgomery; threat status shown as Endangered. Global database of garden lists; a declaration is not proof of a living plant today; queried through its API on 25 October 2026.
Montgomery Botanical Center, online plant catalogue (BG-BASE, CYCADS dataset): https://websites.rbge.org.uk/cgi-bin/nph-readbtree.pl/dataset=CYCADS/filename=n132_cyc/firstval=1?ETI=zamia+katzeriana* — two accession numbers under Zamia splendens treated as a synonym, two plants recorded as “Zamia katzeriana ×”. Catalogue kept by the garden; consulted on 25 October 2026.
Cycadales.eu (Simon Lavaud), Comment cultiver les Zamia en climat tempéré (6 January 2023, updated 27 May 2023, in French): https://cycadales.eu/comment-cultiver-les-zamia-en-climat-tempere/ — Zamia katzeriana in the group of the Zamia of Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador and Honduras: compost, water, temperatures. Specialist nursery: advice from experience for a group of species; read on 25 October 2026.
Species+ (UNEP-WCMC), Zamia katzeriana: https://speciesplus.net/species#/taxon_concepts/67961/legal — CITES Appendix II (genus listed since 4 February 1977, annotation #4), Annex B in the European Union, synonym Ceratozamia katzeriana. Official CITES and EU database.
Regulation (EU) 2026/1383: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri=OJ:L_202601383 — annexes to Regulation (EC) No 338/97 in force since 29 June 2026. Official text.
ASPCA Animal Poison Control, Cardboard Cycad: https://www.aspca.org/pet-care/aspca-poison-control/toxic-and-non-toxic-plants/cardboard-cycad — toxicity of Zamia furfuracea to dogs, cats and horses (cycasin, BMAA), cited here at genus level. Veterinary poison centre, reliable.

Bibliography

Gutiérrez-Ortega, J.S., Pérez-Farrera, M.A., López, S. & Vovides, A.P. (2023). Demographic history and species delimitation of three Zamia species (Zamiaceae) in south-eastern Mexico: Z. katzeriana is not a product of hybridization. Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society 202(1): 110–133. https://doi.org/10.1093/botlinnean/boac062 [Peer-reviewed article; abstract read.]
Pérez-Farrera, M.A., Vovides, A.P., Ruiz-Castillejos, C., Galicia, S., Cibrián-Jaramillo, A. & López, S. (2016). Anatomy and morphology suggest a hybrid origin of Zamia katzeriana (Zamiaceae). Phytotaxa 270(3): 161–181. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.270.3.1 [Peer-reviewed article; abstract read.]
Lindstrom, A., Habib, S., Dong, S., Gong, Y., Liu, J., Calonje, M., Stevenson, D. & Zhang, S. (2024). Transcriptome sequencing data provide a solid base to understand the phylogenetic relationships, biogeography and reticulated evolution of the genus Zamia L. (Cycadales: Zamiaceae). Annals of Botany 134(5): 747–768. https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcae065 [Sample from Chiapas; sister to Zamia splendens; full text consulted.]
Nicolalde-Morejón, F., González-Astorga, J., Vergara-Silva, F. & Vovides, A.P. (2011). Perspectivas sistemáticas de Zamia (Zamiaceae) en Megaméxico: de la taxonomía alfa a los códigos de barras genéticos. Revista Mexicana de Biodiversidad 82(2): 341–355. [Range, vegetation type, lectotype; read.]
Nicolalde-Morejón, F., Vovides, A.P. & Stevenson, D.W. (2009). Taxonomic revision of Zamia in Mega-Mexico. Brittonia 61(4): 301–335. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-009-9077-9 [Revision of the genus in Mexico; not consulted (paywalled), cited after Nicolalde-Morejón and colleagues, 2024.]
Nicolalde-Morejón, F., Martínez-Domínguez, L., González-Aguilar, M.A. & Stevenson, D.W. (2024). Reestablishment of Zamia lawsoniana (Zamiaceae, Cycadales), an endemic species of Mexico, with first description of the ovulate strobilus. Acta Botanica Mexicana 131: e2262. https://doi.org/10.21829/abm131.2024.2262 [Full text consulted.]
Pérez-Farrera, M.Á., Vovides, A.P., Martínez-Camilo, R., Martínez-Meléndez, N., Gómez-Domínguez, H. & Galicia-Castellanos, S. (2012). Zamia grijalvensis sp. nov. (Zamiaceae, Cycadales) from Chiapas, Mexico with notes on hybridization and karyology. Nordic Journal of Botany 30(5): 565–570. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1756-1051.2012.01453.x [Key to the Zamia of Chiapas; full text read.]
Pérez-Farrera, M.A. & Vovides, A.P. (2022). Zamia katzeriana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T213252921A69833888. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T213252921A69833888.en [CR assessment; reference checked on Crossref, category and criteria confirmed by The World List of Cycads; Red List page not consulted.]
Vovides, A., Chemnick, J. & Gregory, T. (2010). Zamia katzeriana. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2010: e.T178866A7631023. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2010-3.RLTS.T178866A7631023.en [Previous assessment; reference checked on Crossref, not consulted.]
Haynes, J.L. (2022). Etymological compendium of cycad names. Phytotaxa 550(1): 1–31. https://doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.550.1.1 [Source of the etymologies given by The World List of Cycads; not consulted directly.]
Calonje, M., Stevenson, D.W. & Osborne, R. (2026). The World List of Cycads, version 2026.08.15. Montgomery Botanical Center, Coral Gables. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21958524 [Reference checklist; consulted directly.]