Lepidozamia hopei

Lepidozamia hopei is a tall, palm-like cycad of the tropical rainforests of north-eastern Queensland, in Australia, where it grows as a small tree in the forest understorey. Reputed to be the tallest living cycad, it can carry a trunk up to 20 m (66 ft) high, crowned with glossy pinnate leaves 2 to 3 m long. It is one of the two species of the genus Lepidozamia. It was first published in 1865 as Catakidozamia hopei, and old books and nursery lists still call it Macrozamia hopei.

Key facts about Lepidozamia hopei

• Accepted name: Lepidozamia hopei Regel (1876), published in Gartenflora 25, according to The World List of Cycads (version 2026.08.15); written Lepidozamia hopei (W.Hill) Regel by the WCVP (Kew), IPNI and the Australian Plant Census (see Taxonomy)
• Former names and synonyms: Catakidozamia hopei W.Hill (1865), Macrozamia hopei W.Hill (1886), Macrozamia denisonii var. hopei (W.Hill) J.Schust. (1932)
• Family: Zamiaceae, order Cycadales
• Common names: “Hope’s cycad” and “zamia palm” in English
• Natural range: endemic to north-eastern Queensland, Australia, from Rockingham Bay to the Bloomfield River (Flora of Australia), from sea level to about 600 m (about 1,970 ft)
• IUCN status: Least Concern (LC), assessment by J.D. Bösenberg published in 2022
• CITES and other protection: CITES Appendix II (annotation #4); Annex B in the European Union; “special least concern” in Queensland under the Nature Conservation Act 1992
• Documented hardiness: survived −4 °C (25 °F) under overhead cover in an Australian nursery (Kraa, 1993); no outdoor trial documented in Europe (see Cold hardiness)
• Light and soil: shade to partial shade, rich, moist but free-draining soil; scorches easily in direct sun
• Habit and adult size: trunk usually single, up to 20 m tall and 50 cm (20 in) across; leaves 2 to 3 m long; leaflets 15 to 30 mm wide
• In the UK, US and Australia: under glass at Edinburgh and Kew; Fairchild, Montgomery and many American gardens; most of the main Australian botanic gardens (see In cultivation)
• Toxicity: the seeds are poisonous, as in all cycads (see Toxicity and precautions)

How to recognise Lepidozamia hopei

It is recognised by its upright trunk armoured with old leaf bases, by its long arching leaves without spines and, above all, by its broad leaflets, 15 to 30 mm wide, attached along the top of the leaf axis. The Flora of Australia (K.D. Hill, 1998) and the Palm and Cycad Societies of Australia (PACSOA) give the following characters:

• Trunk: erect, up to 20 m tall and 50 cm in diameter according to the Flora of Australia; about 30 cm across in most plants according to PACSOA, usually single, although plants with several trunks are known. The Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants flora (CSIRO) adds that the bark exudes a very sticky sap and that a cut trunk shows alternating layers of bark and wood.
• Leaves: up to 100 in the crown, 2 to 3 m long, on a petiole 30 to 60 cm long, without spines. Dead leaves stay on the plant but are easily removed (PACSOA).
• Leaflets: 160 to 200 per leaf, spreading, 20 to 40 cm long and 15 to 30 mm wide, with 15 to 30 parallel veins and no midrib, glossy green, stomata on the lower surface only (Flora of Australia).
• Male cones: cylindrical, 25 to 40 cm long and 8 to 14 cm across (Flora of Australia); PACSOA gives about 60 cm.
• Female cones: ovoid, 40 to 60 cm long and 20 to 30 cm across (Flora of Australia), up to 80 cm according to PACSOA.
• Seeds: red, 40 to 70 mm long and 30 to 45 mm wide (Flora of Australia); a female cone yields about a hundred seeds, according to the Community for Coastal and Cassowary Conservation (C4).

The plants are dioecious: each one bears either male or female cones. According to the CSIRO rainforest flora, consulted in October 2026, the first leaves of a seedling carry eight to fourteen narrow leaflets, and the young plant forms a swollen, carrot-like root.

Hybrids

No hybrid of Lepidozamia hopei is documented. The two Lepidozamia species grow more than 1,000 km apart in the wild, and each has its own weevil pollinator.

Possible confusion

The usual confusion is with Lepidozamia peroffskyana, the other species of the genus, which looks much the same as a young plant. The best character is the width of the leaflets: 15 to 30 mm with 15 to 30 veins in Lepidozamia hopei, against 5 to 13 mm with 7 to 13 veins in Lepidozamia peroffskyana (Flora of Australia). Origin helps too: Lepidozamia hopei comes from tropical Queensland, Lepidozamia peroffskyana from south-east Queensland and New South Wales.

The Macrozamia differ in their leaflets, which arise from the sides of the leaf axis and often have a coloured callus at the base; Lepidozamia leaflets arise from the top of the axis and have no callus (Flora of Australia; PACSOA). A tall plant with its slender trunk and glossy crown can also be mistaken for a palm: the cones and the stiff, leathery leaflets give it away.

Taxonomy

Lepidozamia hopei is an accepted name in The World List of Cycads, the World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP, Kew, the database behind POWO) and the Australian Plant Census. The genus belongs to the Zamiaceae. Although Lepidozamia looks like Macrozamia, a molecular study of the weevils that pollinate Australian cycads notes that it is more closely related to the African Encephalartos (Hsiao et al., 2023).

The plant was first published in 1865 by Walter Hill, superintendent of the Brisbane Botanic Garden, as Catakidozamia hopei, in the Gardeners’ Chronicle. In 1876 Eduard Regel, director of the botanic garden in St Petersburg, published the name Lepidozamia hopei in the journal Gartenflora. Other names followed: Macrozamia hopei W.Hill (1886) and Macrozamia denisonii var. hopei (1932), both synonyms according to The World List of Cycads. The name Macrozamia hopei C.Moore, dated 1883 by the CSIRO rainforest flora, is not among the synonyms listed by the current World List.

The author citation differs between sources. The WCVP, IPNI and the Australian Plant Census write Lepidozamia hopei (W.Hill) Regel and treat Catakidozamia hopei as the basionym, the name on which Regel’s is based. The World List of Cycads writes Lepidozamia hopei Regel and quotes L.A.S. Johnson (1959): Regel seems not to have known Hill’s publication and cited only “Katakidozamia Hopei h. Haage et Schm.”, a garden name of the German nursery Haage & Schmidt, of no validity, so that his name is not nomenclaturally based on Hill’s. The species is the same; only the way its author is cited changes. IPNI gives pages 5 and 6 of Gartenflora 25, The World List of Cycads page 6.

Etymology and history

The epithet hopei honours Louis Hope (1817–1894), of Cleveland, Queensland, known in Australia as the father of the Queensland sugar industry and a generous patron of horticulture, agriculture and botany, according to the etymological compendium of J.L. Haynes (2022) quoted by The World List of Cycads. The genus name combines the Greek lepidos, “a scale”, with the name of the genus Zamia (The World List of Cycads; Flora of Australia).

The history of the species is tied to horticulture: it was named from cultivated plants, and its present genus name was given by a botanist working in St Petersburg who was unaware of the Australian description. The World List of Cycads records its type as unknown (“?”). The Flora of Australia cites, among illustrations, Regel’s plate in Gartenflora 25 (t. 854, 1876).

Common names

In English the species is called “Hope’s cycad” and “zamia palm” (Flora of Australia; Australian Plant Census, through the Atlas of Living Australia); the Queensland government’s WildNet database uses “Hope’s cycad”. “Zamia palm” is misleading, since the plant is neither a Zamia nor a palm.

In the wild

Lepidozamia hopei is endemic to north-eastern Queensland. The Flora of Australia places it from Rockingham Bay to the Bloomfield River, “scattered in rugged country, often in or near rainforest”; the CSIRO rainforest flora gives the same stretch of coast, from Cape Tribulation to Cardwell, from sea level to 600 m, where it grows as a small understorey tree in well-developed lowland and upland rainforest. PACSOA adds that it grows in the lower layers of the forest and is sometimes found in creek beds. Queensland treats it as a sensitive species: the precise locations of its records are not made public.

The height records come from very old plants. The Flora of Australia gives trunks up to 20 m, and PACSOA mentions specimens observed at that height; most plants are much smaller.

Cassowaries eat the fruit and native rats eat the fleshy seed coat (Cooper and Cooper, 1994, cited by the CSIRO flora; C4). The weevil Tranes insignipes breeds in the male cones and carries pollen, and is therefore assumed to pollinate the species (Hsiao et al., 2023, after Wilson and Rowles, 1997); this has not been tested by experiment, as it has for Lepidozamia peroffskyana.

Conservation status and regulation

Lepidozamia hopei is not considered threatened. It is listed as Least Concern (LC) on the IUCN Red List, in an assessment by J.D. Bösenberg published in 2022, which replaced a 2010 assessment by K.D. Hill (The World List of Cycads, GBIF and Crossref, checked on 31 October 2026). In Queensland it is classed as “special least concern” under the Nature Conservation Act 1992, a category that regulates the harvesting and trade of wild plants; it is not listed under the federal Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (WildNet, checked on 31 October 2026).

Like all cycads not in Appendix I, it has been listed in CITES Appendix II since 4 February 1977, with annotation #4 in the version adopted at CoP20, in force since 5 March 2026: international trade in plants needs permits, but seeds, pollen and seedlings or tissue cultures grown in vitro in sterile containers are exempt. In the European Union it falls under Annex B of Regulation (EC) No 338/97, in the list set by Commission Regulation (EU) 2026/1383, applicable since 29 June 2026 (Species+, checked on 31 October 2026). The United Kingdom, the United States and Australia apply CITES through their own legislation. Buy only seed-grown plants of known origin, and check the rules in force before any purchase abroad.

Growing Lepidozamia hopei

Lepidozamia hopei is easy to grow if it gets warmth, shade and moisture. PACSOA describes it as an easily grown, attractive cycad for tropical, subtropical and even warm temperate areas, given a very moist, shaded position; the CSIRO flora notes that it grows in full sun but does better in partial shade, and that it does well in a large tub.

Outdoor and in-ground cultivation

• Light: shade to fairly deep shade; according to the nurseryman Will Kraa (1993), it tolerates more shade than Lepidozamia peroffskyana but does not like full sun.
• Soil: rich, moist and free-draining; both Lepidozamia tolerate poor drainage better than many cycads, but grow better when the roots are well aerated (Kraa).
• Watering: regular and generous in the growing season; when new leaves appear, a lack of water makes them droop and they harden with kinks in the leaf axis (Kraa).
• Growth: fast if given enough heat and moisture, very slow in temperate climates (Whitelock, 2002, cited by Useful Tropical Plants). PACSOA reports that it has been grown as far south as Nowra, in New South Wales, much more slowly than Lepidozamia peroffskyana.
• Climate: in its native region, summer highs reach about 33 °C (91 °F), winter lows about 5 °C (41 °F), with occasional light frosts, and annual rainfall is 1,700 to 2,500 mm (Whitelock, 2002, cited by Useful Tropical Plants).

Container cultivation

In cool climates Lepidozamia hopei is a plant for a warm glasshouse or conservatory. Use a deep container, since young plants form a strong, swollen root. Kraa notes that Lepidozamia do well indoors but that scale insects must be watched for; when new leaves appear, give the plant bright light so that they do not stretch, and keep anything from touching the hardening leaflets, which keep the shape they set in. Move a plant into the sun only very gradually: on the French forum Fous de palmiers, a grower reports that his plant was scorched in April 2012 by morning sun alone.

In cultivation in the UK, US and Australia

Lepidozamia hopei is well represented in collections: BGCI PlantSearch (queried on 31 October 2026) lists it in about fifty gardens, under its two author citations. A BGCI entry shows that a garden has declared the species, not that a living plant is there today.

• United Kingdom: the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh lists a plant accessioned in 1933 (19330467) in its Garden Explorer (updated 18 October 2026), one of the oldest cycads in its collection; its glasshouses are closed for restoration. Kew also declares the species in BGCI. No plant in the open ground is documented in Britain.
• United States: Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden lists it in its Garden Explorer (updated 16 October 2026) and Montgomery Botanical Center in its online catalogue, both in the Miami area. Around twenty American gardens declare it in BGCI, among them the Huntington, the University of California Botanical Garden at Berkeley, the Missouri Botanical Garden, the United States Botanic Garden, the Marie Selby Botanical Gardens, Naples Botanical Garden, the San Diego Zoo and several gardens in Hawaii.
• Australia: about fifteen gardens declare it in BGCI, including the Royal Botanic Garden Sydney, the Royal Botanic Gardens Victoria in Melbourne, the Australian National Botanic Gardens in Canberra, the botanic gardens of Brisbane, Adelaide, Cairns, Townsville and Cooktown, and the North Coast Regional Botanic Garden at Coffs Harbour, where PACSOA mentions spectacular mature specimens.

Propagation

Lepidozamia hopei is propagated from seed; it does not produce offsets. Germination is slow: 228 to 382 days according to the CSIRO rainforest flora, and about six months to a year for fresh seed of both Lepidozamia species according to Kraa, who germinates them in slightly moist vermiculite in a sealed bag and pots them as soon as the root appears, in a mix without sawdust or manure. Bottom heat at about 27 °C (81 °F) speeds germination considerably, according to Useful Tropical Plants. Remove the fleshy coat wearing gloves. An isolated plant does not set fertile seed: a male and a female plant are needed, with hand pollination outside the native range.

Pests and diseases

Scale insects are the main problem indoors: they can quickly spoil a good plant but are easily removed by hand (Kraa). They also encourage sooty mould. No disease specific to the species is documented.

Cold hardiness

Lepidozamia hopei is more tender than Lepidozamia peroffskyana. The only published value from a specialist source is a survival at −4 °C (25 °F) under overhead cover in a nursery whose location is not given; no outdoor trial has been documented in Europe.

Mediterranean and European experience

On the French forum Fous de palmiers, no trial in the ground is documented and no winter value is given: growers keep the species in pots and bring it in for the winter. A grower whose location is not stated reports that he has kept a young plant for four years in the frost-free part of his patio, with lows of 4 to 5 °C (39 to 41 °F), without any damage (May 2012). On the Italian forum Tropicamente, a grower whose location is not given reports in June 2015 that his plant grew without problems outdoors in partial shade for five years, producing one or two leaves a year, without giving a temperature. These reports show that the plant can spend the warm season outdoors in a Mediterranean climate, in shade, but they say nothing about frost.

United Kingdom, United States and Australia

In an article in the PACSOA journal Palms & Cycads (no. 39, 1993), Will Kraa writes that Lepidozamia hopei “happily survived” in his nursery night after night of sub-zero temperatures, sometimes for more than twelve hours, down to −4 °C (25 °F), under some overhead protection, with daytime temperatures of 16 to 20 °C (61 to 68 °F); under the same conditions Lepidozamia peroffskyana was undamaged by direct frost down to −6 °C (21 °F). According to Loran Whitelock (2002), cited by Useful Tropical Plants, the species is routinely exposed to several degrees of frost each winter in southern California without leaf burn, but grows very slowly there. The Californian nursery Jungle Music rates its cold hardiness “into the mid to lower 20s °F”, roughly −4 to −6 °C (21 to 25 °F); this is a commercial rating, not a dated observation. In Britain it is grown only under glass.

Toxicity and precautions

Yes, Lepidozamia hopei is poisonous. No analysis specific to the species is documented, but cycads of the family Zamiaceae contain toxic glycosides (cycasin, macrozamin), from which methylazoxymethanol is derived, and the Australian Native Plants Society recalls that cycad seeds have caused fatal poisoning in people and livestock. PACSOA notes that the seed is poisonous and needed special treatment before Aboriginal people could eat it. The large red seeds can attract children and dogs: pick them up as soon as they fall, wear gloves to clean them and, if any part has been eaten, contact a poison centre, a doctor or a vet without delay.

Traditional uses

Aboriginal people used the seeds for food after specialised treatment to remove the toxins, and many of the tall plants in the rainforest still bear footholds cut into the trunk to reach the cones (PACSOA). The comparative study of Brit Asmussen (2011) deals with Aboriginal methods of processing the seeds of Australian cycads, Lepidozamia included.

Frequently asked questions

Is Lepidozamia hopei really the tallest cycad in the world?

Yes, according to most sources. The Flora of Australia gives it a trunk up to 20 m tall and 50 cm across, and PACSOA calls it the tallest growing of all cycads. These records concern very old plants in the forest.

How do you tell Lepidozamia hopei from Lepidozamia peroffskyana?

By the leaflets. They are 15 to 30 mm wide in Lepidozamia hopei and 5 to 13 mm wide in Lepidozamia peroffskyana, with about twice as many veins. The first comes from tropical Queensland, the second from south-east Queensland and New South Wales.

Can Lepidozamia hopei be grown outdoors in the UK?

No, not on the available evidence. No outdoor trial is documented in Europe, and the only published value is a survival at −4 °C (25 °F) under cover in an Australian nursery. Grow it in a large pot in a warm glasshouse or conservatory; Lepidozamia peroffskyana is the better candidate for mild gardens.

Does Lepidozamia hopei tolerate full sun?

Poorly. It prefers partial shade; growers report scorched leaves after winter, even from morning sun alone. Accustom it to light very gradually.

Does Lepidozamia hopei grow fast?

It depends on the climate. Growth is fast in hot, humid conditions but very slow in temperate climates, and the seeds often take close to a year to germinate.

Is Lepidozamia hopei dangerous to dogs?

Yes. Like all cycads it is poisonous, especially its red seeds. Pick up fallen seeds and see a vet at the slightest suspicion that one has been eaten.

Are Macrozamia hopei and Lepidozamia hopei the same plant?

Yes. Macrozamia hopei and Catakidozamia hopei are older names for Lepidozamia hopei, still found in old books and catalogues.

Further reading on Succulentes

• Is Sago Palm Toxic to Dogs, Cats & Children? What to Know
• How to Grow Cycads from Seed: Germination, Seedling Care and Propagation Setup
• Watering Cycads: Common Mistakes and How to Avoid Them

Sources

Reference sites

• The World List of Cycads (version 2026.08.15), Lepidozamia hopei: https://cycadlist.org/scientific_name/371 — author “Regel”, place of publication, nomenclatural note of Johnson (1959), synonyms, type “?”, etymology (Haynes 2022), IUCN status. The reference list of cycad specialists; consulted on 31 October 2026.
• World Checklist of Vascular Plants (WCVP, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew), via GBIF, Lepidozamia hopei: https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/207874397 — accepted name, author “(W.Hill) Regel”, Gartenflora 25: 5 (1876), distribution (Queensland). Kew checklist behind POWO; queried on 31 October 2026.
• International Plant Names Index (IPNI), Lepidozamia hopei: https://www.ipni.org/n/297149-1 — Gartenflora 25: 5, 6 (1876), basionym Catakidozamia hopei W.Hill. Reference nomenclatural database; consulted on 31 October 2026.
• Atlas of Living Australia, Lepidozamia hopei: https://bie.ala.org.au/species/https://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2918315 — name accepted by the Australian Plant Census, English names. National database; consulted on 31 October 2026.
• Flora of Australia (ABRS), Lepidozamia hopei and Lepidozamia: https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Lepidozamia%20hopei — description, range, habitat, English names, illustrations; etymology and description of the genus (text by K.D. Hill, from volume 48, 1998). National flora, primary reference; consulted on 31 October 2026.
• Species+ (UNEP-WCMC), Lepidozamia hopei: https://speciesplus.net/species#/taxon_concepts/28422/legal — CITES Appendix II since 1977 (annotation #4), EU Annex B. Official database; consulted on 31 October 2026.
• GBIF, IUCN Red List category for Lepidozamia hopei: https://api.gbif.org/v1/species/2683490/iucnRedListCategory — Least Concern. Relay of the Red List data; queried on 31 October 2026.
• Queensland Government, WildNet, Lepidozamia hopei: https://wildnet-pub.science-data.qld.gov.au/api/v1/taxon-details/16811 — name “Hope’s cycad”, status “special least concern”, sensitive species, no EPBC listing. Official state database; queried on 31 October 2026.
• Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants (CSIRO), Lepidozamia hopei: https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/lepidozamia_hopei.htm — habitat, altitude, seedling, germination time, animals eating the seeds, cultivation. Institutional flora, reliable; consulted in October 2026.
• PACSOA Wiki, Lepidozamia hopei (M. Gray): https://www.pacsoa.org.au/wiki/index.php/Lepidozamia_hopei — height, trunk, cones, culture, Aboriginal use, plantings at Nowra and Coffs Harbour. Specialist society; consulted on 31 October 2026.
• PACSOA Wiki, Lepidozamia Cultivation (W. Kraa, Palms & Cycads no. 39, 1993): https://pacsoa.org.au/wiki/index.php/Lepidozamia_Cultivation — germination, light, drainage, survival at −4 °C (25 °F) under cover, scale insects. Nurseryman’s article published by a specialist society; consulted on 31 October 2026.
• Useful Tropical Plants (K. Fern), Lepidozamia hopei: https://tropical.theferns.info/viewtropical.php?id=Lepidozamia+hopei — climate of the native range and cultivation in southern California after Whitelock (2002), bottom heat for germination. Compilation database, secondary source.
• C4, Community for Coastal and Cassowary Conservation, Lepidozamia hopei: https://cassowaryconservation.org/plants/lepidozamia-hopei-hopes-cycad/ — number and size of the seeds, fruit eaten by cassowaries and native rats. Local conservation association, reported data.
• Jungle Music, Lepidozamia hopei: https://junglemusic.com/2024/01/hopei-lepidozamia-species-with-wider-leaflets/ — cold hardiness rating, leaflet width. Californian nursery, commercial information.
• BGCI PlantSearch: https://plantsearch.bgci.org/ — gardens declaring Lepidozamia hopei in the United Kingdom, the United States and Australia. Global database of botanic garden collections; queried on 31 October 2026; an entry shows a declaration, not a living plant today.
• Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh, Garden Explorer: https://rbge.gardenexplorer.org/ — accession 19330467. Garden’s own catalogue, updated 18 October 2026.
• Fairchild Tropical Botanic Garden, Garden Explorer: https://fairchild.gardenexplorer.org/ — Lepidozamia hopei. Garden’s own catalogue, updated 16 October 2026.
• Montgomery Botanical Center, living collection: https://www.montgomerybotanical.org/research/living-collection/ — Lepidozamia hopei in the BG-BASE catalogue. Garden’s own catalogue; consulted on 19 October 2026.
• Fous de palmiers forum (France), threads “Lepidozamia hopei” and “Lepidozamia”: https://www.fousdepalmiers.fr/html/forum/viewtopic.php?t=12486&start=15 and https://www.fousdepalmiers.fr/html/forum/viewtopic.php?t=12116 — sun scorch in April 2012 (#p202611); overwintering frost-free at 4–5 °C (39–41 °F) (#p190095). Growers’ forum, in French; indicative.
• Tropicamente forum (Italy), thread “lepidozamia peroffskyana”: https://www.tropicamente.it/forums/topic/lepidozamia-peroffskyana/ — five years outdoors in partial shade (#post-41789). Growers’ forum, in Italian; indicative.

Bibliography

• Hill, W. (1865). Catakidozamia hopei. Gardeners’ Chronicle 1865 (47): 1107. [First publication of the plant, cited by The World List of Cycads and IPNI.]
• Regel, E. (1876). Lepidozamia hopei. Gartenflora 25: 5–6, t. 854. [Publication in Lepidozamia; page 6 according to The World List of Cycads, pages 5 and 6 according to IPNI.]
• Johnson, L.A.S. (1959). The families of cycads and the Zamiaceae of Australia. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of New South Wales, ser. 2, 84(1): 64–117. [Nomenclatural note on the author of the species, quoted by The World List of Cycads.]
• Kraa, W. (1993). [Cultivation of Lepidozamia.] Palms & Cycads 39. [Nurseryman’s observations, reproduced on the PACSOA Wiki.]
• Cooper, W. & Cooper, W.T. (1994). Fruits of the Rain Forest. [Animals eating the seeds, cited by the CSIRO rainforest flora.]
• Wilson, G.M. & Rowles, P.C. (1997). Notes on the biology of Lepidozamia hopei Regel (Zamiaceae). Encephalartos 52: 12–17. [Biology and pollination, cited by Hsiao et al. (2023).]
• Hill, K.D. (1998). Cycadophyta. In: Flora of Australia 48. ABRS/CSIRO, Melbourne. [Reference treatment of the Australian cycads, online as the Flora of Australia profiles.]
• Whitelock, L.M. (2002). The Cycads. Timber Press, Portland. [Cultivation in southern California, cited by Useful Tropical Plants.]
• Asmussen, B. (2011). “There is likewise a nut…” a comparative ethnobotany of Aboriginal processing methods and consumption of Australian Bowenia, Cycas, Macrozamia and Lepidozamia species. Technical Reports of the Australian Museum, Online 23(10): 147–163. https://doi.org/10.3853/j.1835-4211.23.2011.1575 [Traditional preparation of the seeds.]
• Bösenberg, J.D. (2022). Lepidozamia hopei. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2022: e.T41995A48691840. https://doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2022-1.RLTS.T41995A48691840.en [Current assessment, Least Concern; reference from The World List of Cycads and Crossref.]
• Haynes, J.L. (2022). Etymological compendium of cycad names. Phytotaxa 550(1): 1–31. [Etymology of the epithet, via The World List of Cycads.]
• Hsiao, Y., Oberprieler, R.G., Zwick, A., Zhou, Y.-L. & Ślipiński, A. (2023). Museomics unveil systematics, diversity and evolution of Australian cycad-pollinating weevils. Proceedings of the Royal Society B 290: 20231385. https://doi.org/10.1098/rspb.2023.1385 [Peer-reviewed article: Tranes insignipes and the relationships of Lepidozamia.]
• Calonje, M., Stevenson, D.W. & Osborne, R. (2026). The World List of Cycads, version 2026.08.15. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.21958524 [Reference checklist.]